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COMPLETE CONCEPT FOR THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
 
Special Topic: History of Islam, Its Development, and Legal Analysis
 
PDKS ROS PBX ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA II INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Compiler: Prof Dr HRH Princess Donna Dayu Kencana Soekarno SH BSc S.Psi LLB LLM PhD

Introductory Lecturer: Prof M. A Zaman Ahasanuzzaman

Date/Time: Friday, April 3, 2026 | 20.00 WIB (08.00 PM)
 
 
 
1. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION AND COURSE MATERIALS
 
1.1 Description of the S1 Global Theology Program
 
This program is designed to study the theology of world religions with a special focus on Islam, using an interdisciplinary approach that combines historical, legal, social, and cultural studies. Its primary objective is to produce graduates who can understand Islam in a global context, critically examine its development, and analyze its legal aspects with a strong foundation.
 
1.2 Scope of Course Materials
 
The material covers three main sections:
 
- History of the origins and development of Islam from the time of Prophet Muhammad SAW to the contemporary era
- Spread of Islam across various regions of the world, including Indonesia
- Analysis of Islamic law (fiqh) based on primary sources and its application in modern contexts
 
 
 
2. DISCUSSION ON THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAM
 
2.1 Origins of Islam (Prophet Muhammad SAW Era - 570-632 CE)
 
- Islam emerged in Mecca in the 7th century CE, with the first revelation received by Prophet Muhammad SAW in 610 CE.
- The early journey was full of challenges; Muslims faced persecution until the Hijrah (migration) to Medina in 622 CE, which marked the beginning of the Hijri calendar.
- In Medina, Islam developed rapidly, the Constitution of Medina was established, and teachings were spread through da'wah (missionary work) and agreements.
 
2.2 Development After the Prophet (Rightly Guided Caliphs to New Dynasties)
 
- Rightly Guided Caliphs (632-661 CE): Period of Islam's spread beyond Arabia to regions including Syria, Palestine, Iraq, and Egypt.
- Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE): Expansion of the empire to span from Spain in the west to India in the east; development of infrastructure and culture.
- Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE): Golden age of Islamic civilization, with advances in science, literature, and philosophy; center of civilization in Baghdad.
 
2.3 Spread of Islam in Indonesia
 
- Islam arrived in the 13th century through trade with merchants from Gujarat, Persia, and Arabia.
- It began spreading from coastal areas such as Aceh, Palembang, and Demak, then expanded throughout the Indonesian archipelago.
- Adaptation to local culture resulted in a unique form of Indonesian Islam, with high tolerance for diversity.
 
2.4 Development of Islam in the Contemporary Era
 
- Emergence of reform and renewal movements to adapt to modern times.
- Role of Islam in political, social, and cultural life in various countries worldwide, including Indonesia with the concept of Pancasila as the nation's foundation.
 
 
 
3. DETAILED ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC LAW AND ITS LEGAL BASIS
 
3.1 Legal Basis of Islam (Usul al-Fiqh)
 
The primary sources of Islamic law are:
 
1. Al-Qur'an: The holy book considered as God's eternal revelation; serves as the fundamental basis for all Islamic laws and teachings.
2. Hadith: The words, deeds, and approvals of Prophet Muhammad SAW; complements the interpretation of the Al-Qur'an in daily practice.
3. Ijma': Consensus of scholars on a specific legal issue; applied when there are no provisions in the Al-Qur'an and Hadith.
4. Qiyas: Analogical reasoning based on principles found in primary sources; used to address new issues not directly regulated.
 
In addition, there are supplementary sources such as Istihsan (scholarly preference), Maslahah Mursalah (public interest), and 'Urf (good and accepted community customs).
 
3.2 Analysis of Branches of Islamic Law
 
3.2.1 Worship Law (Ibādāt)
 
- Prayer (Salat): Obligation to pray five times a day; technical rules based on the Al-Qur'an (Surah Al-Baqarah [2]:43, 238) and Sahih Bukhari and Muslim Hadiths.
- Fasting (Sawm): Obligation during the month of Ramadan; based on Surah Al-Baqarah [2]:183-185.
- Almsgiving (Zakat): Obligation to give a portion of wealth to the poor and needy; based on Surah At-Taubah [9]:60.
- Pilgrimage (Hajj): Obligation for those who are able to visit the Holy Kaaba in Mecca; based on Surah Ali Imran [3]:97.
 
3.2.2 Civil Transactions Law (Muamalah)
 
- Contracts and Agreements: Principles of justice, mutual consent, and clarity of terms; based on Surah An-Nisa' [4]:29 and Surah Al-Maidah [5]:1.
- Banking and Financial Law: Prohibition of riba (interest) based on Surah Al-Baqarah [2]:275-279; development of a sharia financial system based on profit-sharing and joint risk principles.
- Inheritance Law: Distribution of inheritance in accordance with the provisions of the Al-Qur'an (Surah An-Nisa' [4]:11-12) and Hadith; ensuring the rights of each heir with clear proportions.
 
3.2.3 Family Law (Marriage, Divorce, and Children)
 
- Marriage (Nikah): Considered both an act of worship and a legal contract; requirements include mutual consent of both parties, a guardian (wali), and a marriage gift (mahar). Legal basis in Surah An-Nur [24]:32 and Hadith on the importance of marriage.
- Divorce (Talak): Permitted but discouraged; strict rules apply to protect the rights of both parties, especially women and children. Based on Surah Al-Baqarah [2]:226-228.
- Rights and Obligations of Parents and Children: Based on Surah Al-Isra' [17]:23-24 on honoring parents and the obligation to educate children.
 
3.2.4 Criminal Law (Jinayah)
 
- Based on principles of justice, crime prevention, and damage restoration; examples include laws on theft, murder, and slander. Legal basis in Surah Al-Ma'idah [5]:38 and Surah An-Nur [24]:4.
- In the contemporary era, many countries are examining the adaptation of jinayah law to national legal systems, while considering international principles of human rights.
 
3.3 Analysis of the Application of Islamic Law in Global and Indonesian Contexts
 
- Globally, the application of Islamic law varies depending on national and community contexts; some countries implement Islamic law as state law, while others integrate it into specific areas such as family and economics.
- In Indonesia, Islamic law is regulated in Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage, Government Regulation Number 9 of 1975 on the Implementation of the Marriage Law, and fatwas (edicts) of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) which serve as guidelines for Muslims, while remaining based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
 
 
 
4. CONCLUSION
 
1. The history of Islam shows rapid development from a small community in Mecca to a globally influential civilization, spreading not only through military power but also through peaceful trade and da'wah. In Indonesia, Islam has adapted to local culture and become an integral part of national life.
2. Islamic law has a clear and structured basis in the Al-Qur'an, Hadith, Ijma', and Qiyas, with various branches covering worship, civil transactions, family, and criminal law. Each branch has principles that prioritize justice, goodness, and community welfare.
3. The application of Islamic law in the contemporary era requires a deep understanding of local and global contexts, emphasizing universal values such as human rights, social justice, and tolerance. In Indonesia, the integration of Islamic law with the national legal system demonstrates that Islam can develop harmoniously in a diverse society.CONTINUATION: S1 GLOBAL THEOLOGY PROGRAM
 
Special Topic: History of Islam, Its Development, and Legal Analysis
 
 
 
5. CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
 
5.1 Key Challenges Facing Islam in the Global Context
 
- Misconceptions and Stereotypes: In the international arena, Islam is often associated with extremism, requiring proactive efforts to convey its true teachings of peace and tolerance.
- Adaptation to Modern Technology: Issues such as digital finance, artificial intelligence, and social media require new legal interpretations (ijtihad) to align with Islamic principles.
- Interfaith Relations: Need to strengthen dialogue and cooperation with followers of other religions to address global issues like climate change, poverty, and inequality.
 
5.2 Challenges in Indonesia
 
- Harmonization Between Islamic Law and National Law: Balancing the implementation of Islamic teachings with the principles of a pluralistic state based on Pancasila.
- Education and Literacy: Ensuring that Islamic education keeps pace with global advancements while preserving local cultural values.
- Economic Empowerment: Maximizing the potential of sharia economics to contribute to national development and reduce inequality.
 
5.3 Future Prospects
 
- Global Islamic Intellectual Movement: Development of a modern Islamic discourse that integrates religious values with scientific progress and universal human rights.
- Role of Indonesian Islam: Positioning Indonesian Islam as a model of moderate, tolerant, and progressive practice that can contribute to global peace and stability.
- Innovation in Islamic Law: Encouraging ijtihad (independent reasoning) among contemporary scholars to address emerging issues in various fields including bioethics, environmental law, and digital governance.
 
 
 
6. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE S1 GLOBAL THEOLOGY PROGRAM
 
6.1 Learning Objectives for Students
 
- Develop critical thinking skills to analyze Islamic teachings in relation to global issues.
- Master the ability to interpret primary sources of Islamic law while considering contextual realities.
- Build competence in interfaith dialogue and cross-cultural communication.
- Understand the role of Islam in contributing to solutions for local and global challenges.
 
6.2 Curriculum Integration
 
- Incorporation of interdisciplinary courses such as Islamic economics, Islamic political science, and interfaith studies.
- Practical training through fieldwork, internships at Islamic institutions, and participation in interfaith dialogue forums.
- Research components that encourage students to explore contemporary issues in Islam and propose evidence-based solutions.
 
6.3 Career Paths for Graduates
 
- Academic and research positions in universities and think tanks.
- Roles in Islamic institutions, including religious councils, sharia courts, and educational organizations.
- Positions in government agencies related to religious affairs, interfaith relations, and social development.
- Careers in sharia finance, Islamic media, and international organizations focusing on intercultural dialogue.
 
 
 
7. RECOMMENDATIONS
 
1. Strengthening Research and Development: Establish research centers focused on contemporary Islamic studies to produce evidence-based analysis and policy recommendations.
2. Enhancing International Collaboration: Build partnerships with universities and institutions worldwide to facilitate student exchanges, joint research, and knowledge sharing.
3. Promoting Community Engagement: Develop programs that connect students with local communities to apply their knowledge in addressing social issues and promoting interfaith harmony.
4. Updating Curriculum Regularly: Ensure the program content remains relevant by incorporating new developments in Islamic studies, global affairs, and legal frameworks.
 
 
 
FINAL CLOSING
 
The study of Islam as part of the Global Theology program is not only about understanding religious teachings but also about preparing individuals to contribute positively to a diverse and interconnected world. By combining historical knowledge, legal analysis, and contemporary perspectives, graduates will be equipped to serve as bridges between communities, cultures, and nations—upholding the values of peace, justice, and mutual respect that are central to Islamic teachings and universal human principles.CONTINUATION: S1 GLOBAL THEOLOGY PROGRAM
 
Special Topic: History of Islam, Its Development, and Legal Analysis
 
 
 
8. CASE STUDIES: APPLICATION OF ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY
 
8.1 Case Study 1: Sharia Finance in Indonesia
 
- Background: Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population, making it a key market for sharia financial services.
- Implementation: Since the establishment of the first sharia bank in 1992, the sector has grown to include banks, insurance companies, capital markets, and microfinance institutions.
- Legal Analysis: Based on principles of mudharabah (profit-sharing), musyarakah (joint venture), and ijarah (leasing), with regulations aligned to both Islamic law and national financial standards under the Financial Services Authority (OJK).
- Impact: Has provided inclusive financial access to millions of Muslims while contributing to national economic growth, with assets reaching over 6% of total national financial assets as of 2026.
 
8.2 Case Study 2: Interfaith Harmony in Surabaya, East Java
 
- Background: Surabaya is one of Indonesia's most diverse cities, with significant Muslim, Christian, Hindu, Buddhist, and Confucian communities.
- Practice: Local initiatives such as interfaith prayer gatherings, joint disaster relief efforts, and cultural festivals have strengthened social cohesion.
- Theological and Legal Basis: Rooted in Islamic teachings of ukhuwah insaniyah (human brotherhood) and Indonesia's state philosophy of Pancasila, which emphasizes belief in one God and unity in diversity.
- Lessons Learned: Demonstrates how Islamic values can be applied to build peaceful coexistence and collaborative problem-solving in pluralistic societies.
 
8.3 Case Study 3: Islamic Bioethics and Medical Law
 
- Background: Advances in medical technology have raised new ethical questions, including organ transplantation, assisted reproduction, and end-of-life care.
- Islamic Perspective: Based on principles of preservation of life (hifz al-nafs), prevention of harm (darar yuzal), and justice ('adl).
- Legal Framework: Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) fatwas provide guidelines that balance religious principles with scientific progress, while national laws ensure compliance with international medical standards.
- Current Developments: Ongoing research and dialogue to address emerging issues such as gene editing and artificial intelligence in healthcare.
 
 
 
9. RESEARCH AGENDA FOR THE PROGRAM
 
9.1 Priority Research Areas
 
1. Global Islamic Thought and Modernity: Exploring how Islamic scholars and communities engage with contemporary ideas in science, philosophy, and governance.
2. Islam and Sustainable Development: Analyzing the alignment between Islamic teachings on environmental stewardship (khalifah) and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
3. Digital Islam and Cyberspace Governance: Examining Islamic legal perspectives on issues such as data privacy, online content regulation, and digital rights.
4. Islamic Law and Human Rights: Investigating the compatibility between Islamic legal principles and international human rights standards, particularly in areas of gender equality and freedom of religion.
 
9.2 Methodology and Approach
 
- Interdisciplinary Research: Combining theological analysis with methods from history, law, sociology, and political science.
- Empirical Studies: Conducting field research, surveys, and case studies to gather data on the practical application of Islamic principles.
- Comparative Analysis: Comparing Islamic approaches with those of other religions and legal systems to identify common ground and best practices.
- Participatory Research: Involving communities, religious leaders, and policymakers in the research process to ensure relevance and impact.
 
9.3 Expected Outcomes
 
- Peer-reviewed publications and research reports that contribute to global Islamic studies.
- Policy recommendations for government agencies and Islamic institutions.
- Educational materials and curricula for schools and universities.
- Public awareness campaigns to promote understanding of Islam in contemporary society.
 
 
 
10. STUDENT PROJECTS AND ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK
 
10.1 Required Student Projects
 
- Mid-Term Project: Case study analysis of a contemporary issue related to Islam, including historical context, legal analysis, and practical recommendations.
- Research Paper: Original research on a topic within the program's scope, with a minimum of 5,000 words and adherence to academic standards.
- Community Engagement Project: Design and implementation of a small-scale project that applies Islamic principles to address a local community need (e.g., financial literacy program, interfaith dialogue initiative, environmental campaign).
- Final Thesis: Comprehensive research project that demonstrates mastery of the program's learning objectives, with defense before a panel of examiners.
 
10.2 Assessment Criteria
 
- Knowledge and Understanding: Demonstration of accurate knowledge of Islamic history, teachings, and legal principles.
- Critical Thinking: Ability to analyze issues objectively, consider multiple perspectives, and develop well-reasoned arguments.
- Practical Application: Capacity to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world situations.
- Communication Skills: Clarity and effectiveness in written and oral presentation of ideas.
- Ethical Considerations: Adherence to Islamic ethical principles and academic integrity standards.
 
 
 
11. PROGRAM PARTNERSHIPS AND COLLABORATIONS
 
11.1 Academic Partners
 
- International Universities: Al-Azhar University (Egypt), University of Malaya (Malaysia), University of Chicago Divinity School (USA), and University of Edinburgh (UK).
- Local Universities: University of Airlangga (Surabaya), Gadjah Mada University (Yogyakarta), and UIN Sunan Ampel (Surabaya).
 
11.2 Institutional Partners
 
- Religious Organizations: Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Muhammadiyah, and interfaith organizations such as the Indonesia Conference on Religion and Peace (ICRP).
- Government Agencies: Ministry of Religious Affairs, Ministry of National Development Planning, and East Java Provincial Government.
- Private Sector: Sharia financial institutions, Islamic media companies, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) divisions of major corporations.
 
11.3 International Organizations
 
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
- World Bank (Sharia Economics Development Unit)
- International Dialogue Centre (KAICIID)
 
 
 
FINAL OVERVIEW
 
The S1 Global Theology program with a focus on Islam is designed to prepare future leaders who can navigate the complex intersections of religion, culture, law, and global affairs. By integrating rigorous academic study with practical application, the program equips students to contribute to building a more just, peaceful, and sustainable world—rooted in the core values of Islam and universal human principles.
 
As the program continues to evolve, it will remain responsive to the changing needs of society, embracing innovation while preserving the timeless wisdom of Islamic teachings. Through research, education, and community engagement, graduates will play a vital role in shaping the future of Islam in Indonesia and the world.
 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 

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